Recent recorded grades — Fall 2023: 3.61 GPA, 73.7% A/AB (n=19 letter grades); Fall 2024: 3.70 GPA, 86.7% A/AB (n=30 letter grades); Fall 2025: 3.36 GPA, 62.5% A/AB (n=32 letter grades).
“Used by” includes alternatives; linked courses may have other requirements. This is a best-effort interpretation; check the catalog requirements above.
Prerequisite text tree
Declared in Data Science MS or Data Engineering MS
Raw average: 1.17/5 from 6 quality ratings. The adjusted rating blends this with the UW review average (3.66/5), weighted as 20 additional ratings. Smaller samples stay closer to that average. Each captured review is counted once in the prior; this does not correct who chooses to leave a review.
RMP profile ↗ · All captured review dates; profile matched by name.
Recent recorded grades — Fall 2023: 3.61 GPA, 73.7% A/AB (n=19 letter grades); Fall 2024: 3.70 GPA, 86.7% A/AB (n=30 letter grades); Fall 2025: 3.36 GPA, 62.5% A/AB (n=32 letter grades).
difficulty & workload
No workload feedback recorded.
Topics
Probability and random variables
Joint and conditional distributions
Moments and inequalities
Generating functions
Transformations of random variables
Sampling and distribution theory
Convergence concepts and limit theorems
Skills
Understanding probability and random variable distributions
Analyzing joint and conditional distributions and moments
Applying generating functions and transformations
Applying sampling and distribution theory
Understanding convergence concepts and limit theorems
Grades
Latest available · Fall 2025— not enough history to project Fall 2026.
average GPA
A / AB grades
letter grades
Instructor
Grade distribution · % of letter grades
A28.1%28.1%
AB34.4%34.4%
B34.4%34.4%
BC0.0%0.0%
C0.0%0.0%
D0.0%0.0%
F3.1%3.1%
Grades over time
Through Fall 2025
More grade details Grade mix, volume & source data
Where this course fits relative to
Latest available grades · Fall 2025 · all course levels
3.363.36GPA
Higher than 1919% of other courses
in this group.
Course GPAs · red marks this course’s range
3232letter grades
More recorded grades than 55% of other courses in this group.
Typical course in this group: 70.070.0 letter grades.
About this comparison
1320 courses over the same term, each with at least 30
recorded letter grades. Cross-listed courses count once. GPA is not a measure
of difficulty or teaching quality. The typical course is the median by recorded
grade count; tied values are not counted as lower. Grade counts describe course scale, not unique students or typical section size.
Descriptions compare GPA with this group’s average: at least 0.20 higher or lower; otherwise close to average. Section size uses median recorded enrollment: small up to 30, mid-sized 31–99, large 100+. Lectures and discussion/lab sections are described separately.
Sources & history
UW–Madison
Catalog & offerings
Descriptions, prerequisites, and recorded course offerings.
Catalog observation history
Observations at scan time; dates do not imply when a catalog change took effect.