Recent recorded grades — Spring 2022: 3.88 GPA, 95.2% A/AB (n=289 letter grades); Fall 2025: 3.92 GPA, 98.4% A/AB (n=126 letter grades); Spring 2026: 3.82 GPA, 95.9% A/AB (n=74 letter grades).
Data and Algorithms: Ethics and Policy
LIS 461 introduces ethical, legal, and policy issues in analytics and algorithms, teaching students to critically analyze debates and apply moral reasoning to case studies.
Summary
Historical reviews of Alan Rubel, Clinton Castro: The course is typically graded on three short papers and in-class assignments, which reviewers describe as easy to manage. However, writing can be time-consuming for those new to philosophical analysis, and dense readings require careful attention to grasp the core arguments.
Grade history
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Where this course fits relative to
Latest available grades · Spring 2026 · all course levels
GPA
Higher than % of other courses in this group.
Course GPAs · red marks this course’s range
letter grades
More recorded grades than % of other courses in this group.
Typical course in this group: letter grades.
About this comparison
1283 courses over the same term, each with at least 30 recorded letter grades. Cross-listed courses count once. GPA is not a measure of difficulty or teaching quality. The typical course is the median by recorded grade count; tied values are not counted as lower. Grade counts describe course scale, not unique students or typical section size.
Descriptions compare GPA with this group’s average: at least 0.20 higher or lower; otherwise close to average. Section size uses median recorded enrollment: small up to 30, mid-sized 31–99, large 100+. Lectures and discussion/lab sections are described separately.